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Only top science minds will ace this! Deep questions in biology, physics and chemistry.
1. What is the name of the layer of Earth between the crust and the core?
💡 The mantle is a thick layer of semi-solid rock between the crust and core, making up about 84% of Earth's volume.
2. How many base pairs are in the human genome approximately?
💡 The human genome contains approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA, encoding about 20,000-25,000 genes.
3. What is the term for a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed?
💡 A catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy without being permanently altered itself.
4. Which element has the highest electronegativity on the Pauling scale?
💡 Fluorine has the highest electronegativity (3.98 on Pauling scale), meaning it most strongly attracts bonding electrons.
5. What is the name of the quantum of light or electromagnetic radiation?
💡 A photon is the fundamental particle of light and all electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy proportional to its frequency.
6. What is the name of the process by which certain bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia?
💡 Nitrogen fixation converts atmospheric N₂ into ammonia (NH₃), making nitrogen available to plants. Rhizobium bacteria in root nodules do this.
7. What is the name of the part of the brain responsible for regulating hunger and body temperature?
💡 The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and hormone release, acting as the body's control center.
8. What is the principle behind MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scans?
💡 MRI uses nuclear magnetic resonance — the behavior of hydrogen nuclei in a magnetic field — to create detailed images of soft tissue.
9. What is the name of the reaction where two light nuclei combine to release energy?
💡 Nuclear fusion combines light nuclei (like hydrogen) to form heavier ones, releasing enormous energy — the same process that powers the Sun.
10. What is the Avogadro's number?
💡 Avogadro's number (6.022 × 10²³) is the number of particles (atoms, molecules) in one mole of a substance.
11. Which gas is produced at the anode during electrolysis of water?
💡 During electrolysis of water, oxygen is produced at the anode (positive electrode) and hydrogen at the cathode.
12. What is the name of the theory that describes the large-scale structure of the universe?
💡 The Big Bang theory describes how the universe originated approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an extremely hot, dense state.
13. What is the approximate diameter of a human cell?
💡 Most human cells are approximately 10 micrometres (10 μm) in diameter, though this varies widely by cell type.
14. What is the term for the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom?
💡 The atomic number defines what element an atom is — carbon always has 6 protons, oxygen always has 8, etc.
15. What is the name of the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself?
💡 DNA replication is the process where the double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce two identical DNA molecules.
16. What is the name of the force responsible for radioactive beta decay?
💡 The weak nuclear force is responsible for beta decay, where a neutron transforms into a proton by emitting an electron and antineutrino.
17. What type of virus contains RNA as its genetic material and uses reverse transcriptase?
💡 Retroviruses (like HIV) use reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA genome into DNA, which is then integrated into the host cell.
18. What is the name of the effect where electrons are emitted from a metal surface when light hits it?
💡 The photoelectric effect, explained by Einstein in 1905, shows light behaves as particles (photons) when interacting with matter.
19. What is the name of the scientist who discovered penicillin?
💡 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 when he noticed mold (Penicillium) killing bacteria in a petri dish.
20. What is the name of the cellular process that produces gametes (sex cells)?
💡 Meiosis is cell division that produces four genetically unique gametes (sperm or egg cells) each with half the parent cell's chromosomes.